中国抗癌协会

1. 流行病学  

根据GLOBOCAN 2022年的数据，肝癌在全球癌症的发病率和死亡率中分别位列第六和第三[1]。由于病因和危险因素的流行率存在差异，肝癌的全球发病率呈现显著的地域差异。约72%的肝癌病例发生在亚洲，其中中国尤为突出，占全球病例的约50%[2,3]。在中国，肝癌的发病率在所有恶性肿瘤中位居第5，死亡率位居第3。在中国，肝癌的发病率呈现出显著的性别、地域和年龄差异，其中男性的发病率明显高于女性，约为3:1；南方的发病率高于北方，沿海的发病率高于内地，农村的发病率高于城市；中年人群（40-60岁）的发病率高于老年人群（65岁以上）[4-6]。 原发性肝癌主要包括三种不同的病理学类型：肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC）、肝内胆管癌（intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma，ICC）和混合型肝细胞癌-胆管癌（combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma，cHCC-CCA）。这三种病理学类型在发病机制、生物学行为、病理组织学、治疗方法以及预后等方面存在较大差异。在中国大陆地区，HCC、ICC 和cHCC-CCA分别占93.0%、4.3%和1.6%[4]。在我国，HCC的主要病因包括乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus，HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus，HCV）的慢性感染，其次为黄曲霉素暴露、大量饮酒、代谢综合征、肝吸虫和吸烟。其中，HBV和HCV感染在HCC病因中分别占84.4%和3.2%[4]。 目前，肝癌的预防主要采用四级预防体系，较前已经有了长足的进步[7]。一级预防包括乙肝疫苗接种、清除相关病原体感染、避免致癌物质暴露以及改变高危致癌风险相关的生活方式等；二级预防即乙肝和肝癌的早筛早治，总结为“三早”，即早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗；三级预防，即肝癌的整合治疗，主要遵循“积极、综合、特异”的原则，对已发生原发性肝癌的患者行根治性切除后，进一步采取减少肝癌复发、降低病死率和提高总体生存率的措施；四级预防，主要是对肝癌患者进行积极、综合的个性化治疗。 在我国，肝癌高危人群主要包括：具有HBV和/或HCV、过度饮酒、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、各种原因引起的肝硬化，以及有肝癌家族史等人群，尤其是年龄>40岁的男性。对肝癌高危人群的筛查与监测，有助肝癌的早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗，同时可显著降低患者的死亡风险。肝癌高危人群的快速、便捷识别是实施大范围肝癌筛查的前提，对人群肝癌风险的分层评估是制定不同肝癌筛查策略的基础[7,8]。 肝癌起病隐匿，早期肝癌常无明显症状，中晚期临床表现常缺乏特异性，如仅表现为腹胀、消化不良等消化系统症状，易被忽略或误诊，对肝癌高危人群要警惕肝癌可能。因此，加强对肝癌的诊断是必不可少的。当前中国肝癌的诊断主要包括观察临床表现、体格检查、实验室检查、肿瘤标志物、影像学检查、病理学诊断等[7,8]。 肝癌治疗的特点是多学科整合治疗MDT to HIM模式，常见治疗方法包括肝切除术、肝移植术、消融治疗、血管内介入治疗、放疗、系统控瘤治疗、中医药治疗等多种手段，针对不同分期的肝癌患者选择合理的治疗方法可使疗效最大化[7,8]。 肝癌具有易复发转移的生物学特性，其根治性治疗术后5年的复发率高达50%-70%。因此，高质量的复查随访和全程康复管理以及及时的治疗是肝癌病人获得良好预后的关键。随访通常包括临床评估、实验室检查和影像学检查，全程康复管理包括对病人进行维持治疗以及生活指导[7,8]。 一项多中心研究对2019-2021年中国癌症生存统计研究结果显示显示，在中国，肝癌的发病人数在所有癌症中位列第4，为8.6%，而肝癌患者的5年生存率仅优于胰腺癌，为14.4%[9]。因此，如何减轻肝癌的疾病负担已经成为了我国亟需解决的重大挑战。在2024年，HCC领域的相关研究主要集中在五个方面，早、中、晚期的免疫治疗、靶向治疗及局部治疗的联合应用、多学科综合治疗的优化、HCC的诊断与早期筛查、精准治疗与生物标志物的探索，以及肝脏免疫微环境的研究[10-13]。尽管在治疗方案的优化、诊断技术的提升和精准治疗的探索等方面取得了显著进展，但仍有许多问题亟待进一步研究和解决。 因此，本报告将围绕肝癌筛诊、外科、介入、系统治疗手段以及肝癌相关基础研究，对2024年肝癌领域国内外研究进展进行总结概述。回顾重磅诊疗进展，展望未来临床探索方向，共同推进中国肝癌学科发展。

4. 本学科发展趋势与对策

4.1 未来5年发展的战略需求

健康中国2030实现我国肝癌5年生存率提高15%

我国肝癌防治面临严峻挑战，全球55%的新发病例集中在中国，年均新发46.6万例、死亡42.2万例，且70%患者确诊时已属中晚期。除疾病负担外，肝癌也造成沉重的个人和国家经济负担，积极有效的肝癌防治有明显的卫生经济学效益。由于早期肝癌缺乏典型症状，大多数肝癌在发现时已经到了中晚期，提高肝癌患者5年生存率尤为困难[139]，因此推动肝癌早期诊治是提高肝癌整体疗效的关键。此外，肝癌病人往往合并其他肝病，因此治疗过程中需要考虑多种肝病诊疗或者病人存在的其他合并症，单一学科往往难以提供整体的诊疗方案。第三，相对于其他恶性肿瘤，肝癌药物治疗的疗效仍不理想。

4.2 未来5年重点发展方向

肝癌早筛早诊早治的体系建立

“健康中国行动—癌症防治行动实施方案（2023—2030年）”提出，完善并推广重点癌症早诊早治指南。组织完善筛查和早诊早治系列技术指南，并在全国推广应用，进一步提升癌症规范化防治水平，深入癌症早期筛查和早诊早治。现有的诊疗策略和措施对降低肝癌的5年总病死率作用有限，因此探索新的肝癌筛查、诊疗策略极其迫切。需尽早建立健全肝癌早筛早诊早治的体系，进一步改进风险人群早期肝癌发病预警、筛查和诊断方法，增强检查针对性并提高患者依从性，从而提高肝癌早期诊断率，实现早治获益[140]。

肝癌规范诊疗和质控强化

我国肝癌的总体疗效虽然有了较大幅度提升，但不同地区间仍存在较大的差异。2012年，卫生部主导并领导成立了国家肿瘤质控中心，推行肿瘤单病种质量控制，以期规范肿瘤诊疗行为、推进肿瘤诊疗质量控制体系建设，促进全国范围内肿瘤诊疗规范化、同质化、标准化，最终提高恶性肿瘤患者的生存率和生活质量。为进一步强化规范诊疗和质控标准，应明确各项肝癌规范诊疗质量控制指标，严格评估统计，有助于提高诊疗方案的科学性、合理性。

肝癌的多学科协作模式深度整合，肝癌中心的建立

肝癌的外科治疗、介入治疗、药物治疗、放射治疗等均取得了显著的进步，但单一的治疗方法已出现“天花板效应”，难以进一步大幅度提高疗效，亟需联合和应用多学科治疗方法来提高疗效。随着靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂在肝癌治疗中不断取得突破，系统性药物治疗对肝癌各种传统的局部治疗手段及其联合治疗模式产生了巨大影响。肝癌综合治疗新策略的涌现，也要求不同学科的医务工作者必须熟悉和掌握肝癌综合诊疗的新动态、新模式。多学科协助模式的推广应用能够对规范我国肝癌诊疗的临床行为、保障医疗质量和医疗安全、优化医疗资源发挥积极的推动作[141]。

精准医学驱动个体化诊疗升级

近几年肝癌药物治疗继索拉非尼之后，仑伐替尼、瑞戈菲尼、卡博替尼、抗EGFR抑制剂、以ICI为核心的组合疗法层出不穷，促进肝癌药物治疗的进步。但是，由于肝癌的高度异质性，上述药物的整体有效率依然有限，预测疗效的分子靶标依然缺乏。精准的肝癌分子分型不仅有助于肝癌个体化诊断与治疗的决策、个性化的药物治疗，而且将极大加深临床医师对肝癌复杂性和异质性的理解，以便制订更加精准、有效的治疗策略。肝癌的系统治疗更是要与新的分子分型体系，临床病理信息紧密结合，同时要结合精准的分子标志物疗效预测，从而最大程度地提高肝癌患者生存率。[142]

AI助力下真实世界数据转化应用

推进肝癌治疗领域AI助力下真实世界数据的转化应用，需要整合多源数据，包括电子病历、医学影像、实验室检查结果等，并进行标准化与清洗，以确保数据质量和可用性。在此基础上，选择合适的AI算法，如CNN用于影像分析等，通过大规模真实世界数据对模型进行训练与验证，评估其性能和泛化能力。在临床应用中，开发AI辅助诊断工具，帮助医生快速准确诊断肝癌并提供治疗建议，同时利用AI实时监测患者治疗反应，动态调整治疗方案。此外，还需加强跨学科合作，促进医学与计算机科学等多学科融合，培养专业人才，推动技术与临床的深度结合。同时，要注重数据隐私保护和监管合规性，确保患者信息安全和AI工具的安全有效应用。

国际交流和合作进一步加深

为深化肝癌治疗领域的国际交流与合作，需构建多维度、长效化的全球协作机制。通过成立国际肝癌研究联盟，统筹多中心临床试验与数据共享，推动诊疗指南互认和技术标准统一；强化科研协同，开展跨国新药研发与分子分型研究，共建生物样本库与数据云平台；推进人才双向流动，设立学者交换项目和标准化培训体系，重点提升发展中国家诊疗能力；优化政策环境，建立伦理审查互认和药物监管协同机制，设立国际基金支持资源匮乏地区，并发起全球肝癌防治倡议提升公众意识。最终形成“科研-临床-人才-政策-公众”五位一体的合作网络，实现肝癌早诊率与生存率的全球性提升，推动中国方案与国际经验的深度融合，共同降低肝癌疾病负担。

4.3 未来5年发展对策

强化政策支持体系

为有效应对肝癌带来的日益严峻的挑战，亟需构建一个多维度、协同联动的政策支持体系。首先，增加对肝癌研究的资金投入，重点支持早期筛查技术的研发、创新治疗方案的探索以及精准医学策略的实施。其次，制定并完善针对高危人群的筛查政策，例如，将肝硬化、慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者等高风险群体纳入常态化筛查范围，并提供经济补贴，提高筛查的可及性和覆盖率。此外，还应加强对医疗机构的监管，确保其严格遵守诊疗规范，提升诊疗服务的质量和均质化水平。最后，通过政策引导，鼓励社会资本参与肝癌防治工作，形成政府、企业、社会组织等多方共担的防治格局。通过以上措施，有望显著提升肝癌的早诊早治率，改善患者的生存预后，并最终降低肝癌的疾病负担。

联合各方力量，加强科普与早筛

肝癌防治的关键在于提高公众的认知度和参与度，形成全社会共同抗癌的强大合力。一方面，需要充分利用各类媒体平台，包括传统媒体和新兴社交媒体，开展形式多样、内容生动的科普宣传活动。科普内容应涵盖肝癌的危险因素、早期症状、筛查方法以及预防措施等，着重强调定期体检和早期筛查的重要性。特别是要针对高风险人群，如乙肝、丙肝病毒感染者、长期酗酒者等，进行精准科普，提高他们的防癌意识和主动筛查意愿。另一方面，积极推动早筛项目的普及，尤其是在肝癌高发地区，应建立完善的筛查体系，提供便捷、经济的筛查服务。此外，还应加强医患沟通，提高患者对筛查和治疗的依从性。通过以上措施，可以有效提高肝癌的早诊率，为患者争取更多的治疗机会。

规范和指南的进一步推广和质控管理

为提升肝癌诊疗水平，务必加强临床诊疗规范和指南的推广与应用，并建立健全质控管理体系。首先，应定期组织医务人员进行规范化培训，确保他们熟练掌握最新的诊疗指南和技术操作规范。其次，建立多学科协作诊疗（MDT）模式，整合肿瘤科、肝胆外科、影像科、病理科等多个科室的专家资源，为患者提供个体化的综合治疗方案。此外，还应加强对医疗机构的监管，定期开展诊疗质量评估，对不符合规范的行为进行及时纠正和处理。同时，鼓励医疗机构开展临床研究，不断优化诊疗方案，提升诊疗效果。此外，要重视对随机对照试验的讨论，以确保临床实践能够充分考虑到最新的研究证据。通过以上措施，可以有效规范肝癌的诊疗行为，提升诊疗质量，改善患者的预后。

鼓励和孵化科研创新

科技创新是推动肝癌诊疗进步的核心动力。一方面，要加大对肝癌基础研究和转化研究的投入，鼓励科研人员探索新的致病机制、诊断标志物和治疗靶点。特别是要重视人工智能（AI）在肝癌诊疗中的应用，例如，利用AI技术辅助病理诊断，提高诊断的准确性和效率；利用AI技术进行药物筛选和靶点预测，加速新药研发进程；利用AI技术进行患者风险评估和预后预测，为个体化治疗提供依据。另一方面，要建立完善的科研成果转化机制，鼓励科研人员将研究成果转化为临床应用，惠及更多患者。

推动肝癌综合诊疗进一步发展

肝癌的治疗需要采取综合手段，包括手术、放化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等。未来应进一步优化综合治疗方案，根据患者的具体病情和个体差异，制定最佳的治疗策略。医疗机构应建立多学科团队，包括肝胆外科、肿瘤内科、介入放射科等，为患者提供个性化的治疗方案。同时，推广先进的治疗技术，如靶向治疗、免疫治疗和微创手术。通过规范的综合诊疗措施，可以最大限度地延长患者的生存期，提高生活质量。

深化国际科研合作

肝癌是全球性的健康问题，需要各国科研人员携手合作，共同应对。国际科研合作有助于共享资源和技术，加速肝癌治疗的发展。我国应积极参与国际肝癌研究项目，与国外科研机构开展合作。通过合作，引进先进的技术和理念，同时推动我国肝癌研究成果的国际化。重视国际间的政策交流，借鉴其他国家在肝癌防治方面的成功经验，为中国制定更加科学有效的防治策略提供参考。

【主编】

孙惠川   复旦大学附属中山医院

【副主编】（按姓氏拼音排序）

刘连新    中国科学技术大学附属第一医院（原安徽省立医院）

张志伟    华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院

匡 铭    中山大学附属第一医院

周伟平    海军军医大学第三附属医院

吴 泓    四川大学华西医院

谭 广    大连医科大学附属第一医院

【编委】（按姓氏拼音排序）

史颖弘    复旦大学附属中山医院

王文涛    四川大学附属华西医院

张 岚    复旦大学附属中山医院

★

参考文献（向上滑动阅览）

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