1. 流行病学
根据GLOBOCAN 2022年的数据,肝癌在全球癌症的发病率和死亡率中分别位列第六和第三[1]。由于病因和危险因素的流行率存在差异,肝癌的全球发病率呈现显著的地域差异。约72%的肝癌病例发生在亚洲,其中中国尤为突出,占全球病例的约50%[2,3]。在中国,肝癌的发病率在所有恶性肿瘤中位居第5,死亡率位居第3。在中国,肝癌的发病率呈现出显著的性别、地域和年龄差异,其中男性的发病率明显高于女性,约为3:1;南方的发病率高于北方,沿海的发病率高于内地,农村的发病率高于城市;中年人群(40-60岁)的发病率高于老年人群(65岁以上)[4-6]。
原发性肝癌主要包括三种不同的病理学类型:肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)、肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)和混合型肝细胞癌-胆管癌(combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma,cHCC-CCA)。这三种病理学类型在发病机制、生物学行为、病理组织学、治疗方法以及预后等方面存在较大差异。在中国大陆地区,HCC、ICC 和cHCC-CCA分别占93.0%、4.3%和1.6%[4]。在我国,HCC的主要病因包括乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)的慢性感染,其次为黄曲霉素暴露、大量饮酒、代谢综合征、肝吸虫和吸烟。其中,HBV和HCV感染在HCC病因中分别占84.4%和3.2%[4]。
目前,肝癌的预防主要采用四级预防体系,较前已经有了长足的进步[7]。一级预防包括乙肝疫苗接种、清除相关病原体感染、避免致癌物质暴露以及改变高危致癌风险相关的生活方式等;二级预防即乙肝和肝癌的早筛早治,总结为“三早”,即早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗;三级预防,即肝癌的整合治疗,主要遵循“积极、综合、特异”的原则,对已发生原发性肝癌的患者行根治性切除后,进一步采取减少肝癌复发、降低病死率和提高总体生存率的措施;四级预防,主要是对肝癌患者进行积极、综合的个性化治疗。
在我国,肝癌高危人群主要包括:具有HBV和/或HCV、过度饮酒、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、各种原因引起的肝硬化,以及有肝癌家族史等人群,尤其是年龄>40岁的男性。对肝癌高危人群的筛查与监测,有助肝癌的早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗,同时可显著降低患者的死亡风险。肝癌高危人群的快速、便捷识别是实施大范围肝癌筛查的前提,对人群肝癌风险的分层评估是制定不同肝癌筛查策略的基础[7,8]。
肝癌起病隐匿,早期肝癌常无明显症状,中晚期临床表现常缺乏特异性,如仅表现为腹胀、消化不良等消化系统症状,易被忽略或误诊,对肝癌高危人群要警惕肝癌可能。因此,加强对肝癌的诊断是必不可少的。当前中国肝癌的诊断主要包括观察临床表现、体格检查、实验室检查、肿瘤标志物、影像学检查、病理学诊断等[7,8]。
肝癌治疗的特点是多学科整合治疗MDT to HIM模式,常见治疗方法包括肝切除术、肝移植术、消融治疗、血管内介入治疗、放疗、系统控瘤治疗、中医药治疗等多种手段,针对不同分期的肝癌患者选择合理的治疗方法可使疗效最大化[7,8]。
肝癌具有易复发转移的生物学特性,其根治性治疗术后5年的复发率高达50%-70%。因此,高质量的复查随访和全程康复管理以及及时的治疗是肝癌病人获得良好预后的关键。随访通常包括临床评估、实验室检查和影像学检查,全程康复管理包括对病人进行维持治疗以及生活指导[7,8]。
一项多中心研究对2019-2021年中国癌症生存统计研究结果显示显示,在中国,肝癌的发病人数在所有癌症中位列第4,为8.6%,而肝癌患者的5年生存率仅优于胰腺癌,为14.4%[9]。因此,如何减轻肝癌的疾病负担已经成为了我国亟需解决的重大挑战。在2024年,HCC领域的相关研究主要集中在五个方面,早、中、晚期的免疫治疗、靶向治疗及局部治疗的联合应用、多学科综合治疗的优化、HCC的诊断与早期筛查、精准治疗与生物标志物的探索,以及肝脏免疫微环境的研究[10-13]。尽管在治疗方案的优化、诊断技术的提升和精准治疗的探索等方面取得了显著进展,但仍有许多问题亟待进一步研究和解决。
因此,本报告将围绕肝癌筛诊、外科、介入、系统治疗手段以及肝癌相关基础研究,对2024年肝癌领域国内外研究进展进行总结概述。回顾重磅诊疗进展,展望未来临床探索方向,共同推进中国肝癌学科发展。
2. 我国肝癌研究进展
2.1 本学科研究新进展
2.1.1 外科治疗进展
根据中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)》[14],对于Child-Pugh A、B级且无肝外转移的各期患者,手术切除被推荐为首选治疗。然而,多数中国肝癌患者在诊断时已是中晚期,失去了手术治疗的机会,且术后复发和转移的风险较高,整体生存状况不容乐观[8]。
2.1.1.1 转化治疗
转化治疗是针对初始阶段难以通过或者不适合手术切除的HCC患者所采取的治疗策略,旨在通过一系列治疗手段使肿瘤缩小、降低肿瘤分期,从而提高手术切除的可能性[14]。2024年,转化治疗的研究和实践取得了诸多突破。
《原发性肝癌诊疗指南》2024年版[15]了更新“转化治疗”的定义,进一步明确为:“转化治疗指不适合手术切除的肝癌患者,经过干预后获得手术切除的机会,干预手段包括有功能的FLR转化、肿瘤学转化等”。该定义与同年发布的《原发性肝癌转化及围手术期治疗中国专家共识(2024 版)》一致。“不适合手术切除”的含义包括剩余肝体积(FLR)不足与肿瘤学不适合(CNLC IIb和IIIa期),通过相应的FLR转化和肿瘤学转化,让这些患者从不适合转变为适合手术切除。另外,指南推荐了一些肿瘤学转化手段,靶向联合免疫的系统治疗仍然是转化治疗的核心,同时也提到局部治疗的潜在优势。
TALENTop研究是一项多中心、随机研究,研究共纳入了198例HCC患者,旨在评估伴大血管侵犯HCC患者在初始阿替利珠单抗+贝伐珠单抗(Atezo+Bev)治疗后接受肝切除术的疗效和安全性。2024年ASCO大会中更新的Atezo+Bev诱导治疗后未随机分组中国患者的治疗结局结果显示[16],进入诱导期的患者mOS为13.8个月,6个月和12个月OS率分别为71%和53%。诱导期最佳缓解的结果显示1.7%的患者达到PR,52.6%的患者达到了疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),37.1%的患者达到疾病进展。同时,2024年ASCO大会还公布了Atezo+Bev治疗伴活动性HBV感染的中国HCC患者的结果[17],在诱导期,活动性比非活动性HBV感染患者的任何级别AE都较高(88.0% vs 73.6%,P=0.002);然而,两组之间的≥3级AEs(20.3% vs 17.8%,P=0.584)、≥3级TRAEs(12.0% vs 12.3%,P=0.950)和严重AEs(15.0% vs 13.5%,P=0.706)无显著差异;此外,肝脏相关AE的发生率也相当。
PLATIC研究[18]为一项单臂、Simon两阶段的II期临床试验,旨在评估信迪利单抗和仑伐替尼联合经动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)+肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)作为初始不可切除HCC(unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma,uHCC)的转化治疗效果。研究纳入的57例uHCC患者在接受中位3个周期的转化治疗后,转化切除率达到了77.2%(44/57)。在44例成功转化的患者中,29.5%(13/44)的患者达到了病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR),中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)为15.3个月,12个月PFS率为59.4%。
Signal transduction and targeted therapy杂志中发表的一项开放标签、单中心的II期临床试验[19],旨在评估恩沃利单抗联合仑伐替尼和TACE治疗初始uHCC患者的疗效和安全性。研究共纳入38例uHCC患者,结果显示,ORR(RECIST v1.1)达到50%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为83.3%。手术转化率高达47.2%(17/36)。其中16例患者接受了手术,R0切除率达100%,pCR率为31.3%。以上研究表明,在中国HCC中,部分患者可以通过局部联合系统治疗达到转化手术切除目的。
2.1.1.2 新辅助治疗
肝癌术后复发是限制患者治疗效果改善的主要障碍之一,而新辅助治疗被视为降低复发率和延长患者生存期的重要策略。
BRHCC研究[20]是一项前瞻性、开放性、单臂、单中心的Ib/I期临床试验,旨在评估卡瑞利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼及TACE作为HCC术前新辅助治疗的疗效与安全性。研究纳入54例患者,主要病理缓解(major pathological response,MPR)率达到48.2%,ORR为74.1%。表明该方案在术前治疗策略中可能具有良好的临床应用前景。
此外,发表在Nature Communications杂志的一项前瞻性、单中心Ib期Notable-HCC研究[21]评估了立体定向放射治疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT)联合替雷利珠单抗作为可切除HCC新辅助治疗的疗效和安全性。该研究中,20例患者均完成了新辅助治疗并接受了手术治疗。结果表明,ORR(mRECIST)为63.2%,其中3例达到完全缓解(complete response,CR),DCR为100%,pCR率为10.5%。这些结果进一步支持新辅助治疗在改善HCC患者预后中的潜在价值。
II期TALENT研究[22],旨在探索替雷利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼作为新辅助治疗的有效性和安全性。截至2023年9月30日,共入组14例患者,均完成新辅助治疗并接受肝切除术。结果显示,新辅助治疗期间仅2例出现3级以下不良事件,无严重不良事件。影像学检查显示1例部分缓解(partial response,PR),11例病情稳定且8例肿瘤有缩小;病理结果显示3例完全缓解。这表明该联合疗法在HCC患者中安全性良好,且能有效缩小肿瘤,长期疗效值得期待。
2.1.1.3 术后辅助治疗
早期HCC患者切除术后5年内,局部复发或转移的发生率高达70%[14],术后复发和转移是影响患者长期生存的关键因素。因此,术后辅助治疗可通过积极干预,预防肿瘤复发和转移,从而实现长期无瘤生存,甚至达到治愈。
PREVENT前瞻性队列研究[23]旨在比较不同免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)和治疗持续时间对合并高危复发风险的HCC患者在根治性切除术后无复发生存期(relapse free survival,RFS)和OS的影响。研究共纳入1171例患者,结果显示,与未接受辅助治疗的患者相比,接受辅助ICIs治疗的患者RFS(风险比,hazard ratio,HR=0.735)和OS(HR=0.472)获益更多。
另一项随机对照、开放标签、国内多中心的II期临床试验[24]显示,与主动监测组相比,信迪利单抗辅助治疗合并微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)的肝切除术后HCC患者的mRFS获益显著(27.7个月 vs 15.5个月,P=0.002),疾病复发或死亡风险下降46.6%。
ALTER-H004研究[25]为一项单臂、多中心、II期临床试验,其更新结果显示,安罗替尼联合TACE辅助治疗高复发风险的HCC患者后,中位无病生存期(mediam disease free survival,mDFS)为24.2个月,12个月和24个月DFS率分别为72.2%和61.8%,3级TRAEs发生率为14.8%。
另一项Ⅲ期临床试验[26]比较了索拉非尼联合TACE与索拉非尼在伴门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)的HCC患者术后辅助治疗中的疗效。结果显示,与索拉非尼相比,联合治疗的RFS(16.8个月 vs 12.6个月,HR=0.57,P=0.002)和OS(30.4个月 vs 22.5个月;HR=0.57;P=0.02)均显著延长,患者对治疗的耐受性良好。
2.1.1.4 围手术期治疗
在药物治疗领域,已有研究探索了替雷利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼[27]、卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼[28]在可切除且具有高复发风险HCC患者围手术期治疗的应用。这些Ⅱ期临床研究均显示出令人鼓舞的疗效和良好的耐受性。
NeoLEAP-HCC研究为一项多中心、单臂的Ⅱ期临床试验[29],该研究旨在评估仑伐替尼联合帕博利珠单抗(“可乐组合”)作为围手术期治疗方案在伴有高复发风险的可切除HCC患者中的疗效和安全性。研究共纳入43例患者,结果显示,根据RECIST v 1.1标准评估的ORR为11.9%;共有40例患者接受了R0切除手术,37.8%的患者达到MPR,其中8.1%的患者达到pCR。
另一项Ⅱ期试验[30](ChiCTR2000036385)探讨了围手术期应用替雷利珠单抗联合调强放疗治疗伴大血管侵犯的可切除肝癌患者的疗效。研究结果显示,主要终点ORR为30.0%,mOS为18.7个月。15例(50%)患者接受根治性手术,其中10例(66.7%)患者达到pCR或MPR,8例(53.3%)患者术后未复发。≥3级TRAEs发生率为13.3%,以上结果表明,ICIs联合放疗的围手术期策略能有效促进肿瘤缓解,并增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,为进一步研究提供了理论基础。
2.1.2 介入治疗进展
介入治疗是uHCC公认的治疗方法之一。目前,国内外的治疗指南均推荐中期HCC患者首选TACE进行治疗。此外,HAIC安全性和有效性已得到广泛认可,成为中晚期HCC治疗的新选择[8,14,31]。
2.1.2.1 TACE
CHANCE 023研究[32]为一项多中心的真实世界研究,共纳入中国大陆地区293例接受TACE联合阿替利珠单抗与贝伐珠单抗治疗的uHCC患者,研究旨在评估TACE联合阿替利珠单抗与贝伐珠单抗治疗uHCC的疗效分析。患者mOS为29.97个月,1年OS率为76.50%;mPFS为19.23个月,ORR为41.6%,其中26例患者达到CR,96例患者达到PR,DCR为84.6%。严重AEs发生率为9.2%,总体安全性可控。
CHANCE 2201研究[33]是一项旨在评估靶免治疗联合TACE能否为一线晚期HCC患者带来获益的真实世界研究(real-world study,RWS)。研究共纳入了1244例晚期HCC患者,结果显示,TACE+靶免治疗组的mOS为22.6个月,显著优于单纯靶免治疗组的15.9个月(P<0.0001);且mPFS也显著延长(9.9 vs 7.4,P<0.0001)。表明TACE联合靶免治疗可为晚期HCC患者带来生存获益。
对于复发性中期HCC,一项多中心Ⅲ期随机临床试验进一步证实[34]与TACE组相比,TACE联合索拉非尼组(SOR-TACE)的mPFS(16.2个月 vs 11.8个月,HR=0.54,P<0.001)和mOS(22.2个月 vs 15.1个月,HR=0.55,P<0.001)均显著延长。
2.1.2.2 HAIC
SHATA-001研究[35]为一项分子探索性、随机、III期临床试验,旨在评估索拉非尼联合FOLFOX-HAIC(SoraHAIC)与索拉非尼联合TACE(SoraTACE)治疗晚期HCC的疗效。与SoraTACE组相比,SoraHAIC组患者的mPFS与mOS显著延长,mPFS为6.9个月 vs 4.2个月(P<0.001),mOS为15.6个月 vs 11.2个月(P<0.001)。
一项中国多中心研究[36]表明,HAIC联合PD-1抑制剂和仑伐替尼治疗(HAIC-LEN-P)治疗伴有肝外转移病灶的晚期HCC患者显示出显著疗效。研究纳入230例患者,经倾向性评分匹配(Propensity score matching,PSM)后,与LEN-P组相比,HAIC-LEN-P组mOS和mPFS显著延长(mOS:27.0个月 vs 9.0个月,P<0.001;mPFS:8.0个月 vs 3.0个月,P=0.001)。HAIC-LEN-P 组的ORR是LEN-P组的两倍(67.3% vs 29.1%,P <0.001)。此外,与LEN-P组相比,HAIC-LEN-P组3级和4级AEs发生率未显著增加(P>0.05)。
另一项前瞻性对照试验[37]也显示出HAIC联合仑伐替尼和PD-1抑制剂相比LEN-P在伴PVTT的晚期HCC患者中具有良好疗效。研究共纳入66例患者,6个月PFS率分别为78.8% vs 46%(P=0.011),mPFS分别为12.3个月vs 5.9个月(P=0.001),中位至进展时间(time to progression,mTTP)分别为12.3个月 vs 5.3个月(P=0.002),1年和2年OS率分别为73.8% vs 60%和61.6% vs 30.5%,ORR分别为75.8% vs 37.5%(mRECIST)(P=0.006),3-4级TRAEs发生率分别为51.5% vs 30.3%。
此外,在2024年ASCO大会上还公布了两项正在进行的研究:(1)卡瑞利珠单抗和阿帕替尼联合静脉输注FOLFOX或FOLFOX-HAIC治疗晚期HCC患者[38];(2)阿帕替尼和卡瑞利珠单抗联合或不联合FOLFOX-HAIC一线治疗合并PVTT的HCC患者[39]。
2.1.3 系统治疗进展
近年来免疫治疗在肝癌治疗中的应用提升了药物治疗的效果,尤其是免疫治疗为核心的双药联合治疗方案取得了显著进展,靶免联合方案未来可能在药物组合选择方面提供更多选择。
2.1.3.1 一线治疗研究进展
一线治疗推荐
目前,靶向联合免疫治疗是晚期HCC一线系统治疗首选方案,IMbrave150[40]是全球首个获得成功的肝癌靶向免疫联合治疗的多中心III期研究,其结果证实与索拉非尼相比,阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗显著延长患者PFS与OS。在中国人群中[41],联合治疗组患者也有明显的临床获益。基于该研究,阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗受到国内外多个指南推荐[42-44]。其他一线治疗推荐包括:信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗生物类似物、卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼、多纳非尼、仑伐替尼、替雷利珠单抗等。
(1)卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼
阿帕替尼联合卡瑞利珠单抗在我国被批准用于不可切除或转移性肝癌患者的一线治疗。CARES-310国际多中心Ⅲ期研究的最终生存分析结果显示,与索拉非尼单药组相比,阿帕替尼联合卡瑞利珠组的mOS显著延长至23.8个月,死亡风险降低36%,疾病进展或死亡风险下降46%[45]。
(2)替雷利珠单抗
替雷利珠单抗在我国被批准一线治疗不可切除或转移性肝癌患者。RATIONALE-301[46]全球多中心Ⅲ期研究结果显示,与索拉非尼相比,达到了预设的主要研究终点,OS为非劣效性(HR=0.85,95% CI 0.71-1.02),死亡风险降低15%。常见不良事件为AST升高、ALT升高和总胆红素升高。
(3)菲诺利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗类似物
菲诺利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗在我国已被批准用于既往未接受过系统治疗的不可切除或转移性肝细胞癌患者。全国多中心Ⅲ期研究[47]结果显示,与索拉非尼治疗组相比,菲诺利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗类似物组的mOS(22.1个月 vs 14.2个月,P=0.0008)和mPFS(7.1个月 vs 2.9个月,P<0.0001)均明显延长,死亡风险降低40%,疾病进展风险降低50%。
(4)特瑞普利单抗+贝伐珠单抗
多中心、III期HEPATORCH研究[48]结果显示,与索拉非尼相比,特瑞普利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗可显著延长无进展生存时间和总生存时间,两组中位无进展生存时间分别为5.8 vs. 4.0个月,疾病进展风险降低31%(HR=0.69,95% CI:0.525-0.913;P=0.0086);两组中位生存时间分别为20.0 vs. 14.5个月,死亡风险降低24%(HR=0.76,95% CI:0.579-0.987;P=0.0394)。
(5)安罗替尼联合派安普利单抗
APOLLO(ALTN-AK105-III-02)[49]全国多中心Ⅲ期研究结果表明,与索拉非尼治疗组相比,安罗替尼联合派安普利单抗组的mPFS(6.9个月 vs. 2.8个月,P<0.0001)和mOS(16.5个月 vs. 13.2个月,P=0.0013)均显著延长,死亡风险降低31%,疾病进展风险降低47%。
(6)艾帕洛利托沃瑞利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗和化疗
DUBHE-H-308[50]多中心Ⅱ/Ⅲ期研究结果显示,与信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗的对照组相比,艾帕洛利托沃瑞利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗和化疗组的ORR(35.5% vs. 20.7%)、DCR(87.1% vs. 72.4%)、6个月PFS率(79.0% vs. 49.5%)均明显更高,≥3级TRAEs的发生率为46.7%。
(7)其他一线治疗研究进展
其他靶免联合方案也在晚期肝癌一线治疗领域取得了进展。AdvanTIG-206[51]全国多中心Ⅱ期研究结果显示,替雷利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗和Ociperlimab的ORR为35.5%,mPFS为8.3个月,对照组替雷利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗的mPFS为6.9个月。另一项开放标签II期研究[52]结果显示,KN046联合仑伐替尼治疗不可切除或转移性HCC的ORR为45.5%,mPFS为11.0个月,中位生存时间为16.4个月。全国多中心Ⅱ期研究[53]探索了特瑞普利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗一线治疗HCC的疗效,mPFS为8.5个月,ORR为46.3%。
一项I期临床试验[54]Irpagratinib(ABSK-011)在FGF19过表达的晚期HCC患者中的疗效和安全性结果更新,这项I期试验共纳入了106例接受ABSK-011治疗的晚期HCC患者,在可评估的患者中,ORR为38.7%,DCR为77.4%,mPFS为4.7个月。在既往接受过ICIs治疗的患者中,ORR为40.7%,DCR 为 77.8%。大多数TRAEs为1-2级且可逆/可控。3-4级TRAEs(>5%)包括AST增加、ALT增加和腹泻。未发生5级TRAEs。
2.1.3.2 二线治疗研究进展
肝癌二线治疗跟随免疫治疗时代进展,开展了相关探索。单臂Ⅱ期研究结果显示,替雷利珠单抗联合瑞戈非尼二线治疗不可切除肝细胞癌的mPFS为6.4个月,mOS尚未达到,ORR为28.6%[55]。另一项全国多中心Ⅱ期研究结果显示,恩沃利单抗联合Suvemcitug用于晚期肝癌二线及后线治疗,ORR为11.1%,mPFS为4.3个月[56]。中国的一项回顾性研究显示了PD-1抑制剂联合仑伐替尼二线治疗HCC患者的有效性,mPFS为4.5个月,mOS为7.2个月[57]。
C-CAR031是一种新型GPC3靶向嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法,正在进行用于后线治疗晚期HCC患者的I期临床研究[58]。该研究共纳入了23例晚期HCC患者,该研究的初步疗效结果显示,DCR和ORR分别为90.9%和50.0%。VG161是一种基于I型单纯疱疹病毒构建的新型抗肿瘤免疫增强型溶瘤病毒。一项多中心I期试验[59]评估了VG161在既往接受过包括ICIs治疗的二线治疗失败的HCC患者的疗效。该试验共纳入了40例患者,结果显示,ORR为17.14%,DCR为60%,mOS时间为9.4个月。免疫检查点抑制剂治疗与靶向药物、化疗药物、局部治疗等的联合方案,以及双靶点免疫检查点抑制剂(程序性死亡受体1/细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4双抗、程序性死亡受体1/血管内皮生长因子双抗)用于肝癌的二线治疗的研究也在不断地探索之中。
2.1.4 基础研究进展
2.1.4.1 HCC进展机制相关研究
通过中国癌症图谱(CLCA)项目对494例HCC肿瘤样本进行深度全基因组测序,发现基因组变异与患者临床特征(如HBV感染、饮酒和吸烟史)显著相关,揭示了中国HCC人群的基因组特征和进化进程[60]。此外,研究发现Sema3C在HCC中显著上调,通过与NRP1和ITGB1相互作用激活AKT/Gli1/c-Myc和NF-κB通路,促进HCC进展,为靶向治疗提供了新靶点[61]。另一项研究揭示了SMYD5在翻译调控中的新作用,并强调了靶向SMYD5在HCC治疗中的潜力。SMYD5可通过催化RPL40 K22me3增强翻译输出并促进HCC发展。SMYD5和RPL40 K22me3在HCC中上调,其缺失会抑制肿瘤生长,且与mTOR抑制剂联用效果更佳[62]。
2.1.4.2 耐药相关研究
有研究发现CT10激酶调节子样蛋白(CRKL)与PD-1抑制剂耐药密切相关,其在HCC患者中水平升高导致不良预后,并减少CD8+ T细胞浸润及细胞毒性效应。在小鼠模型中,CRKL通过募集PD-L1+TANs,上调CXCL1和VEGFα,促进免疫抑制性TME形成,从而阻断PD-1抑制剂治疗。CRKL与β-catenin的相互作用是其诱导PD-1抑制剂耐药的潜在机制[63]。获得性耐药是分子靶向治疗HCC的关键临床挑战之一,一项研究发现,来法莫林可克服HCC中索拉非尼耐药性,其通过靶向ILF3蛋白,破坏线粒体生物合成,增强索拉非尼疗效。该研究提示ILF3是克服TKI耐药的潜在靶点,ILF3有望成为克服TKIs耐药的潜在治疗新靶点[64]。
2.1.4.3 免疫微环境及治疗策略
复旦大学附属中山医院樊嘉院士、高强教授团队在Cell杂志上发表了一篇有关中性粒细胞分析的研究。研究结果表明,中性粒细胞表现出10种不同的状态,包括炎症、血管生成和抗原呈递等。大多数癌症中,抗原提呈程序与良好的生存率相关,并可通过亮氨酸代谢和随后的组蛋白H3K27ac修饰引起。这些中性粒细胞可以进一步引起(neo)抗原特异性和抗原非依赖性T细胞反应。中性粒细胞传递或亮氨酸饮食微调免疫平衡,以增强PD-1抑制剂的疗效。这项研究不仅表明癌症间中性粒细胞的差异,而且还提示了抗原呈递中性粒细胞传递[65]。
中国科学技术大学附属第一医院孙成教授、刘连新教授团队在Nature杂志上发表的研究通过整合空间多组学数据和人工智能(AI)分析,提出了一个基于空间免疫特征的新型HCC复发预测系统——TIMES(肿瘤免疫微环境空间评分系统),并通过功能试验阐明了肝细胞癌复发的免疫学基础,揭示了SPON2在NK细胞功能中的关键作用,为改善肝细胞癌预后和癌症免疫治疗策略带来了双重突破[66]。
研究发现HCC的5种转录组亚型具有不同的预后、免疫特征和治疗反应。第1类预后较好,第2类和第4类耐药,第3类和第5类对免疫治疗敏感,可通过综合分子分类预测HCC的微环境特征和治疗反应,为HCC的精准医疗提供了新的分子分类依据[67]。另外还发现CD49f是HCC肿瘤起始细胞(TICs)的关键标志物,CD49f高TICs通过CXCL2-CXCR2轴招募中性粒细胞,形成免疫抑制环境,并通过CCL4/STAT3诱导CD155表达,逃避CD8+T细胞杀伤。阻断CD155可显著提高HCC对抗PD-1治疗的敏感性,为免疫治疗提供新靶点[68]。此外,肝癌瘤周肝细胞中的YTHDF2可通过CX3CL1招募CD8+T细胞,介导化疗诱导的抗肿瘤免疫反应。研究显示,奥沙利铂可上调肝细胞中m6A修饰水平和YTHDF2表达,激活cGAS-STING信号通路,进而稳定Cx3cl1转录本,调控CD8+ T细胞和肝癌进展[69]。
2.2 国内相关重大计划和研究项目(发表的III期及以上研究为研究项目,I/II期研究为重大计划)
2.2.1 国内研究项目(期刊已发表的研究:1. 影响因子;2. 研究登记时间;期刊未发表的研究:1. 大会名称按首字母排序;2. 研究登记时间)
期刊已发表的研究
(1)CARES-310研究[45]:南京天印山医院秦叔逵教授团队(IF:98.4[70] [2023年发表];2024年ASCO更新,NCT03764293,2018-11-28)
(2)RATIONALE-301研究[46,71,72]:中国药科大学附属南京天印山医院的秦叔逵教授团队(IF:11.6[72][2024年发表];2024年ASCO更新;NCT03412773,2018-01-03)
(3)CHANCE2201研究[33]:中国科学院院士、东南大学附属中大医院院长滕皋军教授,复旦大学附属中山医院任正刚教授团队(IF:9.6[33] [2024年发表];2024年Pubmed更新;NCT05332821,2022-04-02)
(4)PREVENT研究[23]:广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院马良、钟鉴宏教授团队(IF:6.9[73] [2023年发表];2024年ESMO更新;NCT05221398,2022-01-14)
ASCO大会公布的研究(Journal of Clinical Oncology,IF:42.1)
(1)SHATA-001研究[35]:中山大学肿瘤防治中心石明教授团队(2024年ASCO更新,NCT02856126,2016-08-02)
(2)ALTER-H004研究[25]:西安交通大学第一附属医院仵正教授团队(2024年ASCO更新;NCT04213118,2019-12-25)
(3)SCT-I10A-C301研究[47]:中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心徐建明教授团队(2024年ASCO更新;NCT04560894,2020-09-17)
(4)TALENTop研究[16,17]:复旦大学附属中山医院樊嘉院士团队(2024年ASCO更新,NCT04649489,2020-11-12)
(5)PLATIC研究[18]:中山大学肿瘤防治中心元云飞教授团队(2024年ASCO更新;NCT04814043,2021-03-23)
(6)CHANCE 023研究[32]:中国科学院院士滕皋军教授团队(2025年ASCO更新;NCT06024252,2023-08-06)
ESMO大会公布的研究(Annals of Oncology,IF:56.7)
(1)APOLLO研究[49]:复旦大学附属中山医院樊嘉院士和中国人民解放军总医院焦顺昌教授团队(2024年ESMO更新;NCT04344158,2020-04-10)
(2)DUBHE-H-308研究[50]:南京天印山医院秦叔逵教授与复旦大学附属中山医院樊嘉院士团队(2024年ESMO更新;NCT05976568,2023-07-28)
其他大会公布的研究
(1)HEPATORCH研究[48,74]:复旦大学附属中山医院樊嘉院士团队
2.2.2 国内研究计划(期刊已发表的研究:1. 影响因子;2. 研究登记时间;期刊未发表的研究:1. 大会名称按首字母排序;2. 研究登记时间)
期刊已发表的研究
(1)VG161[59],一种基于I型单纯疱疹病毒构建的新型抗肿瘤免疫增强型溶瘤病毒:浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肝胆胰外科梁廷波教授团队(IF:50.5[75][2025年发表];2025年Pubmed更新;NCT04806464,2021-03-12)
(2)Notable-HCC研究[21]:山东第一医科大学赵磊教授团队(IF:14.7[21][2024年发表];2024年Pubmed更新;NCT05185531,2021-12-19)
ASCO大会公布的研究(Journal of Clinical Oncology,IF:42.1)
(1)TALENT研究[22]:中国中山大学附属第一医院的匡铭教授团队(2024年ASCO更新;NCT04615143,2020-10-28)
(2)C-CAR031[58],一种新型GPC3靶向嵌合抗原受体T细胞疗法:浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肝胆胰外科梁廷波教授团队(2024年ASCO更新;NCT05155189,2021-12-07)
ESMO大会公布的研究(Annals of Oncology,IF:56.7)
(1)Irpagratinib(ABSK-011)[54]新药:中国科学院院士、同济医院外科学陈孝平团队(2024年ESMO更新;NCT04906434,2021-04-21)
(2)BRHCC研究[20]:四川大学华西医院肝脏外科曾勇教授团队(2024年ESMO更新;NCT05042336,2021-08-25)
(3)NeoLEAP-HCC研究[29]:复旦中山医院孙惠川教授团队(2024年ESMO更新;NCT05389527,2022-05-20)
2.3 国内重要研究平台与研究团队(按单位首字母排序)
(1)东南大学附属中大医院
(2)复旦大学附属中山医院
(3)海军军医大学附属第三医院
(4)广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院
(5)华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院
(6)南京天印山医院
(7)南京医科大学第一附属医院
(8)清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院
(9)四川大学华西医院
(10)山东第一医科大学附属肿瘤医院
(11)西安交通大学第一附属医院
(12)中国科学技术大学附属第一医院
(13)中国人民解放军总医院
(14)中国人民解放军空军军医大学第一附属医院
(15)浙江大学医学院附属第一医院
(16)中山大学附属第一医院
(17)中山大学肿瘤防治中心
(18)CHANCE:中国肝癌临床研究联盟
(19)CLEAP:中国中青年肝癌研究协作组
等
【主编】
孙惠川 复旦大学附属中山医院
【副主编】(按姓氏拼音排序)
刘连新 中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(原安徽省立医院)
张志伟 华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院
匡 铭 中山大学附属第一医院
周伟平 海军军医大学第三附属医院
吴 泓 四川大学华西医院
谭 广 大连医科大学附属第一医院
【编委】(按姓氏拼音排序)
史颖弘 复旦大学附属中山医院
王文涛 四川大学附属华西医院
张 岚 复旦大学附属中山医院
★
参考文献(向上滑动阅览)
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